The Philosophy Of Jean Piaget And John Dewey - 1387 Words

As a World War II veteran who smuggled Jews across enemy borders, Lawrence Kohlberg always wondered if he was a â€Å"good† man. What was more noble; protecting human lives, or upholding the law? Kohlberg, inspired by the philosophy of Jean Piaget and John Dewey, began researching ways to determine moral righteousness. Using his experience as a war veteran, he created mock simulations where one needed to choose between two distinct options. Kohlberg used these simulations, known as moral dilemmas, to observe the differences in answers he received. Subsequently, he was able to arrange the responses into various phases to determine stages of morality. Lawrence Kohlberg’s studies on the stages of moral development have opened doors to the classifying of moralities. A moral dilemma involves making a decision that could potentially change someone’s fate. An example that is commonly used is the Heinz Dilemma: â€Å"In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him. He paid $400 for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $2,000, which is half of what it cost. He told the druggistShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky And Vygotsky s Views On Teaching Philosophy And The Children Of The Future Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Dewey predicted that â€Å"if we teach today’s students as we taught yesterday’s, we rob them of tomorrow.† (John Dewey, 1944). This made great sense to me while I was doing my observation period in January 2015. During this period I observed that every teacher has a different learning and teaching philosophy, therefore I would like to describe my own teaching and learning philosophy and by whom I was influenced. In my discussion I will elaborate on the philosopher: John Dewey with his philosophy:Read MoreTheoretical Perspectives in Education Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesTheories provide the foundation for educational practices, and many of them exist. While I consider my personal theory or philosophy of education to be one that is something of an ever-changing conglomerate of ideas, I realize that some of my guiding principals are directly attributed to well a well established theory. Three main theories of education exist: behavioral, constructivist, and cognitive. 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His input towards human intelligence is second to none. Piaget learned the value of hard work from his father who was a medieval history writer. His mother was also very intelligent. Although she was a very bright and energetic individual, she was also mentallyRead More Philosophy of Education Essays1874 Words   |  8 Pageschild’s development and make a significant difference in the life of a child and his or her family. My philosophy of early childhood education and the elements I believe are necessary in developing a developmentally appropriate child care environment is rooted in my views and beliefs about experimentalism, progressivism, multiculturalism, and the influence of philosophers such as Dewey, Piaget, Montessori, and Vygotsky. Furthermore, I believe young children will thrive an d grow in developmentallyRead MoreThe Ideologies Put Forth By Paulo Freire1215 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophical underpinnings including that of John Dewey and Jean Piaget. Their contributions have shaped education internationally as well as locally. Thus, the authors’ critique of Freire’s work in an attempt to restructure his theories is a worthwhile analysis and allows for self-reflection, critical thinking and the assurance of hope, in that, if education does nothing else, it must inspire hope in reference to the school of pragmatism. Such an educational philosophy in the words to Giroux (2007), Read MoreTaking a Look at Behaviourism635 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstanding the thought processes Main proponents: Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner John Dewey Encourage student critical thinking and inquiry by asking them thoughtful, open-ended questions, and encourage them to ask questions to each other. Examples -students working in groups -students making sentences using different words -students modeling clay in different shapes Similarities: Study of learning should be subjective Both are philosophies of learning Phycological theories based on students’Read MoreSoren Kierkegaard And The Existentialist Philosophy1116 Words   |  5 Pages 2. The Existentialist philosophy, started by Soren Kierkegaard, focuses on self-directed education, finding answers within yourself. Students are not graded because all standards come from themselves. This philosophy emphasizes freedom of choice and mind, and that authentic creative thinking leads to true learning experiences (Cohen). The teacher helps students find their passions and understand who they are. Existentialism has never become prevalent in schools because it is difficult to apply inRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Psychology956 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget (1896-1980) was one of the most influential researchers in the area of developmental psychology during the 20th century. Piaget originally trained in the areas of biology and philosophy and considered himself a genetic epistemologist. He was mainly interested in the biological influences on how we come to know. He believed that what distinguishes human beings from other animals is our ability to do abstract symbo lic reasoning. Piaget s views are often compared with those of LevRead MoreThere Five Major Learning Types.1537 Words   |  7 PagesThere are five major types of learning theories. These five theories are; social learning theory, cognitive development theory, progressive education and other philosophies, social development theory, and attribution theory. Each one a different idea on learning and a different way it can be used in the classroom. The first of these theories is social learning. This meaning a student learns the context threw social interaction. Through group activities the lessons are taught. Also learning through

Africa Since 1940 Free Essays

The colonization of the African nation has played an important part on the world and how blacks were treated. What they endured as a people, showed the high element of inequality and injustice brought on by a group of people on to another. This period in time brought a change in a nation rocked with pain and anguish. We will write a custom essay sample on Africa Since 1940 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intervention and invasion from other countries saw the decline in the wealth that Africa once possessed. The notion that Africans were uncivilized was the mindset of the Europeans as they made their presence known. What they did was to manipulate the minds of the African people to gain what they set out to attain. Their goal has always been to rob them of their livelihood, to destroy and steal what were rightly the Africans. Ignorance and defiance became the downfall of many, as they trusted the words of the whites. The destruction and atrocities that Africans faced was indicative of the cruel way in which European invaded the nation and took control in the name of colonization. Many books made note of the colonizing of the African nation. Three of those great books are: African Since 1940 The Past of the present by Frederick Cooper, The Nigerian Civil war by John de ST. Jorre and African Perspectives on Colonialism by A. ADU Boahen. However, of the three books Boahen provides more supplemental materials that support my thesis. The most important economic change that occurred in Africa was during the period 1880-1960. This period marked the colonization and the scramble for African colonies. Boahen writes â€Å"The first and the most important of the economic changes that had occurred in Africa by 1880 were the abolition and suppression of that most inhuman and abominable of all trading activities- namely, the slave trade-and its replacement by trade in natural products, which has become known in typical Euro- centric terms as legitimate trade† (Boahen pg. 1). Slave trade exemplified the harsh cruelty that Africans faced. They were sold into slavery and beaten and many die during that time. The middle passage journey of slaves that were sold across the world to work on plantations proved to be the worst journey in history. Slave trade only profited the European as slaves were an aspect of making money for their masters. Not only were the African people forced to leave most of the power countries’ economies weak and on the brink of collapse. They needed new ways to generated money which they did by overflowing Africa and retaining most of the Natural resource such as ivory, diamond, and gold. The scramble for Africa open door to a new way of thinking: the county did not just change economically but socially. According to Cooper by the 1700s the era in, â€Å"Pan- Africanist was at its highest point of mobilization in African political history†. (Cooper 24) . For the first time westerners such as Marcus Garvey from African decedent who was captives of slavery, began to challenge imperialism. They launch organizations: International African Service Bureau based out of London. Regional linkages were established between countries and hybrid culture was form. People of western African coast began referring to themselves as nations. Black influential understood the gravity of slavery and knew that the change has to begin with them. The 1880 was a better time period in Africa because Slavery was abolished and therefore, the old African country way of life have been abolish to some degree in that now people were no longer under bondage. These individuals were free to live a life in less fear and with a more renew sense of hope for the future. It was good that a new Africa was emerging because this means that individuals will be more incline to want to strive for a better life for themselves and their families and to make a better future for their children. Moreover, after the abolition of slavery the formation of legitimate trade means that individuals could have a source of gaining employment to help to support their family. Boahen mentioned that in the 1880 (African had become more deeply integrated into the capitalist world-economy than before, a development which the ensuing colonial system was to intensify,) which exemplify the fact that Africa was become more stabilize as an economy in of itself where job can be provided for its citizen. (Boahen pg 5). The economy development of Africa in the 1880 meant that the qualities of life for the people were going to improve over time. With the economy improving this would open up individual access to job opportunities. The invasion of European forces into Africa brought a division among the African people. Elements that were formulated such as governmental, educational and their religious system were imposed in a cruel manner as many Africans throughout that time in history were brutally harmed by the Europeans. This abuse was due to the fact Different language religion and other aspects of life were enforced by the Europeans colonization. So, with the abolishment of slavery individuals learn both the language of their ormer ruling countries and the original language of their ancestors through parents teaching of their children. Language plays a crucial part in an individual culture as it is the mean through which communication took place. Cooper mentioned that â€Å"At any one moment, Africa appears as a mixture of diverse languages and diverse culture; indeed, linguistically alone, it is the most varied continent on earth† (Cooper pg11). This mean linguistically speaking Africa came out of the slave trade become a more diverse country. This diversity is obvious in more than one language that which is spoken by individuals from the continent of Africa. The African people depended on their cultural languages to bind them together. This help them to confuse their colonizers in their intent and goal of enforcing slavery. African understood the importance of language and how they could use it to their advantage. Additionally, the 1880 was a period in which the Christian missionary was also experiencing dramatic change. The change in the Christian missionary mean that individuals where having a renew view of religion and how it should be practice. Boahen also mentioned that change in the religion in African societies resulted in stratification, which means that there were different groups of individuals in the African society; therefore, the further stratification of African societies into a relatively small Christian educated elite, particularly in western and southern Africa, and a large traditional and illiterate group† (Boahen, 17). So, it is obvious that as people were becoming more educated they were more able to view religion from a different perspective. The 1880 was also a period in which there was changing political trends that were towards a sense of greater centralization. Boahen mentioned that even though there was a change in some of the empires in terms of disintegration such as empires such as Asante and Oye empires some empires became even stronger (Boahen, 2008). So, there were the emerging of new empires such as the Sokoto empire and the Tukulor empire of Masina that were in much larger existence especially in certain area state as the century in West Africa begins to emerge. New political change in Africa was evident in Nigeria such as constitutional experimentation (Boahen, pg 12). So, the constitution help to lay out the foundation for how individuals in the new African, societies wanted to be treatment by their government in making sure those individuals in the societies was educate. So, with modernization there came a renew way of engaging in political activities as it will benefit the country of Africa. However the prosperity and flourishing of the countries of economy depended on the mobilization of African leaders yet this did not come forth. Cooper writes â€Å"The development effort of late colonial regimes never did provide the basis for a strong national economy; economies remained externally originated and the state’s economic power remained concentrated at the gate† (Cooper 5). He was also concern about where the blame for the wars lie cooper writes â€Å"By looking at the post-war era as a whole, one can begin to explain the succession of crises that colonial and postcolonial states faced, without getting into a sterile debate over whether a colonial legacy or the incompetence of African governments is to blame† (Cooper 6). The African nation had many crises to deal with mainly poverty that resulted from the war. Colonization of the African people drove them deeper into poverty many regions had to sell their labor. Cooper writes â€Å"In parts of African, colonization drove rural dwellers into deepening poverty, sometimes as a deliberate policy to create labor reserves where people had little alternative to selling their labor cheaply, sometimes as a result of actions which made difficult ecosystems worse† (21). Poverty is one of the worst elements of people’s lives and this epidemic led the African people to seek for help. War is the most dreaded and the resulting effect of break-down of laws and orders in a civilized society. The Nigerian civil war which is known as the â€Å"Biafra War† took place on July 16th 1967 to January 15th 1970, political conflict was caused by the attempted secession of the southern providence of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra. The conflicts accrued when Great Britain invaded Africa and divided up the some of it colonies causing a great separation among the African people; where people in the north were Muslims and in the south were Christian. However due to the division it ended in economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tension among the various peoples of Nigeria. During the war millions died and many were displaced leaving the colony in a state of distress. Due to the war hunger and starvation arose in Biafra many young children died; soldiers were out raged and they decided to take matters into the own hands St. Jorre writes â€Å"hungry soldiers tried to hijack a food convoy, and he beat them to a pulp† (St. Jorre pg. 251) this provided the severity and level of starvation that was felt in Biafra that even those responsible for aintaining the law put their needs above the people. Starvation does not respect anyone and during this period it evident that hunger claimed many lives. The depth and continuance of the war resulted in more deaths as starvation continued and no help was evident. As the Biafra’s people would look for help from the western world it was eminent that something needed to be done. The starvation was not ending and if they could only receive a little help it could go a long way this could be attain by pricking the conscience of the western world. ST.  Jorre writes â€Å"By striking at the heart of the Western world’s moral conscience with the real threat of millions starving to death if the war continued, backed up the imagined one of genocide if they surrendered, they succeeded where all their other tactics intensive lobbying, signing the oil away repeated appeals to the religious, ideological and the political sensibilities of the outside world had failed† (ST. Jorre pg. 241). This sad way of life was the start of new recognition for other African countries that had to deal with the epidemic of starvation. ST. Jorre writes â€Å"The immediate benefits of such concern were useful enough, especially the money, the lobbying publicity and public support that followed each new starvation newspaper story or television film† (ST. Jorre pg. 242). Even in such distraught moment in history something good came of it as the Western nation would become aware of it and help to prevent an occurrence elsewhere. African people endured the worst life possible due to greed from their European colonizers. Their lands were invaded and lives were destroyed as many were taken as slaves to work on plantations to make money for them. What the Europeans did not only hurt the African people physically but emotionally too they have never recovered. This led to war on the Continent as poverty took over and the means of survival was as the height in the minds of all Africans. Many aspect of their lives were taken away their culture, their language and their believe were destroyed. The European brainwashed the African people and took over and kill many in the process. How to cite Africa Since 1940, Essay examples

Untitled Essay Research Paper A critical approach free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper A critical attack to # 8216 ; Barn Burning # 8217 ; ( by William Faulkner ) # 8220 ; Barn Burning # 8221 ; is a sad narrative because it really clearly shows the classical battle between the # 8220 ; privileged # 8221 ; and the # 8220 ; underprivileged # 8221 ; categories. Time after clip emotions of desperation surface from both the supporter and the adversary involved in the narrative. This narrative outlines two distinguishable supporters and two distinguishable adversaries. The first two are Colonel Sartoris Snopes ( # 8221 ; Sarty # 8221 ; ) and his male parent Abner Snopes ( # 8221 ; Ab # 8221 ; ) . Sarty is the supporter surrounded by his male parent hostility whereas Ab is the supporter antagonized by the societal construction and the battle that is imposed on him and his household. The economic position of the chief characters is hapless, without hope of bettering their status, and at the clemency of a quasi-feudal system in North America during the late 1800 # 8217 ; s. Bing a sharecrop farmer, Ab and his household had to portion half or two-thirds of the crop with the landholder and out of their portion wage for the necessities of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper A critical approach or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a consequence of this position, Ab and his household know from the start what the hereafter will keep # 8212 ; difficult work for their landlord and mere endurance for them. No hope for promotion prevails throughout the narrative. Sarty, his brother and the twin sisters have no entree to instruction, as they must pass their clip working in the Fieldss or at place executing familial responsibilities. Nutrition is missing # 8220 ; He could smell the java from the room where they would soon eat the cold nutrient staying from the mid-afternoon repast # 8221 ; ( PARA. 55 ) . As a effect, hapless wellness combined with unequal chance consequences in low morale. A morale which the author is placing with the in-between category of his times # 8220 ; that same quality which in later old ages would do his posterities to over-run the engine before seting a motor auto into gesture # 8221 ; ( PARA. 20 ) The Snope household manages to last and happen work. However, the work offers little other than a opportunity for endurance # 8220 ; I reckon I # 8217 ; ll have a word with the adult male that aims to get down tomorrow having me organic structure and psyche for the following eight months # 8221 ; ( PARA 40 ) . Like nomads they were forced to travel invariably. Due to seasons and harvest rotary motion, in order to procure work they had to reserve land with different landholders. Ab # 8217 ; s emotional instability is a prevailing factor lending to his fickle behaviour throughout the st ory. The family has moved a dozen times from farm to farm, and at times forced to forfeit their agreement with the landlord due to Ab’s unacceptable behavior. A behavior which throughout the story is transformed into a rebellion, by Ab smearing the landowner’s carpet with horse manure and then suing him for charging him too much for the damage. These acts symbolize frustration with the system and a radical approach to rebel against it. Knowing that punishment could not be avoided when committing such acts, Ab’s actions take on a more dramatic meaning as if he is trying to convey a message. He is aware of the economic injustice and he must respond even at the risk of him and his family being prosecuted or ostracized. Ab’s constant rebellion is displayed by a rough, sour character and exemplified when he burns his landlord’s barn down. He feels despair and loss, and inflicts damage to whomever he happens to be working for. Although the story centers on the feelings and thoughts of Ab’s youngest son Sarty, the economic implications of his entire family play a vital role in justifying (not condoning) his father’s behavior, which is the pivotal reason for Sarty’s controversial feelings on which the whole story is based. Sarty’s main dilemma is his loyalty to his family which collides with his disappointment and suppressed dislike of his own father. He tends to hide his feelings by denying the facts, â€Å"our Enemy he though in that despair; ourn! mine and hisn both! He’s my Father!† (PARA. 1) and â€Å"The boy said nothing. Enemy! Enemy! he thought; for a moment he could not even see, could not see that the Justice’s face was kindly.† (PARA. 10). The story’s emotional turns are clearly defined by Sarty’s thoughts and Ab’s actions. Sarty’s dilemma and Ab’s frustrations continually grab the reader, serving up a series of emotionally laden di lemmas: Given the circumstances of the story, is Ab’s barn burning justified? Should Sarty tell the landlord that Ab was responsible for burning down the barn? Is the outdated sociological â€Å"Blaming the Victim† theory valid? Is the lose-win arrangement between sharecropper and landowner a morally acceptable one? Burning a barn or any act of economic despair in the form of vandalism is definitely not condoned. However the strange thing is the all of these questions need not to be asked, if economic injustice was not prevalent.

Strategic thinking

Introduction Due to the increased number of companies which has resulted into increased market competition, there has been consistent need for improving the business strategies. All the companies aim at maximizing returns. Competition is usually healthy in the business field because it requires continuous improvement which in the long run leads to increased profits and business expansion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic thinking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To achieve this economic growth, proper strategies must be implemented. The strategy formulation and implementation is usually done by the managers. To do it to perfection, strategic thinking and team effectiveness are necessary. This essay seeks to identify aspects of strategic thinking that should be used in a team, evaluate the contribution of strategic thinking in team’ s effectiveness, identify key value adding characteristics that sh ould be used in team process to develop strategic analysis, the routine and/or unique activities pursued and how they affect strategic thinking, identify areas that limit a team’s performance and deriving implications for challenges facing managers and the aforementioned MBA study group in particular in thinking and acting strategically in future. Strategic Thinking and team effectiveness Strategic thinking is usually useful in strategic planning, formulation and implementation. It usually involves thinking critically taking into account the past, present and the future. One usually predicts the aspects that are probable to occur in the future such as opportunities, risks and trends. This usually helps in taking opportunities in the market field as they arise so as to maximize profits and avoiding losses by implementing strategies to avoid it (Meadows, 2008). All these activities are not possible to be done by an individual. This thus brings in the idea of working as a team w hich is usually helpful in strategic formulation and implementation. Team work usually helps in improving creativity. This usually improves the output in that one is able to improve on strategic thinking. In the first instance, the results might not be that good but with time the team would improve and better results would be attained (Tjosvold and Kwok, 2004). One of the good aspects of a team is that the teamwork should be self governing. This removes the necessity of regular follow ups as the team members have the internal drive which give them the urge to perform better and better. The team should understand clearly their goals, identify their specific roles, build trust between them and accept each other despite of ones strength or weakness.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This usually reduces the probability of conflicts and improves production due to good coordination between members. When working as a team, people usually speak their mind. When this happen, an answer from one person usually triggers the mind of other members and eventually very promising ideas emerge. In team work, communication is very essential and any doubt should be clarified. This ensures efficient performance of the duties and usually helps in time management. Thus being attentive is very necessary. Loyalty is very important as makes the team members to be at comfort when dealing with fellow members. The success or failure in teamwork is usually for the whole group and not for specific people (Wise and Hauser, 2007). The performance of a team may be affected either by internal or external factors. The external factors are mostly beyond the members’ capability such as economic constrains and political interference. The internal factors are mostly from the interaction between team members and may include the presence of compelling arguments, insufficient confidence i n team members that they have sufficient capability to contribute, pressure from fellow team members among others. In cases of emergency the teamwork may not be very effective due to the presence of disagreements. Other challenges include lack of interest or necessary skills by some members which would eventually reduce productivity. These are some of the challenges facing managers in undertaking their duties (Douglas, 2009). In the running of our day to day activities, we usually encounter challenges. The challenges are usually useful and form part of the platform for strategic thinking. This includes breaking of a problem in smaller units which are analyses individually and thus it is possible to check even the minor causes of a problem. In the case of taking the MBA group work, the probable problems are usually the same as those of teamwork. These group assignments usually assists student to get a clear picture of the interaction in the real business world. Thing are not smooth a s they may be thinking and the challenge they meet make them think strategically before getting the right solution. This usually prepares them for the future challenges they will meet in the business world (Stephen, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic thinking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most important aspects of business management include future vision, mission, value, strategies and social responsibility. Strategic thinking is found to be very useful in the running of the businesses (Haines, 2000). The competition is increasing and therefore new strategies are to be formulated and implemented to maintain the business as well as win more customers. Strategic thinking ensures continuous business development which usually attracts investors and the shareholders are motivated. Due to the increased number of activities and the urge to get the best, teamwork is usually implemented. Despite the various challenges facing team work, the advantages outweigh the demerits and thus it is encouraged. Challenges encountered should not always be condemned as they usually form a platform for reference in formulating the strategies for the problem and also of other related problems Richard, L. H., and Colarelli (Richard and Colarelli, 2005). References Douglas, K. (2009). The Firefly Effect: Build Teams That Capture Creativity and Catapult Results. New York: Cengage Learning. Haines, S. G. (2000). The Complete Guide to Systems Thinking and Learning. Amherst, USA: Human Resource Development. Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: a primer. Vermont, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing. Richard, L. H and Colarelli, B. (2005). Becoming a strategic leader: your role in your organization’s enduring success. New York: John and Willey Sons.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stephen, H. (2006). Pearls of Wisdom II: How to Work with Executives. New York: Willey and Sons. Tjosvold, D and Kwok, L. (2004). Leading in high growth Asia: managing relationship for teamwork and change. New York: Cengage Learning. Wise, C and Hauser, S. (2007). The Business School Buzz Book. New York: Prentice. This essay on Strategic thinking was written and submitted by user Jace Baldwin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing An Argumentative Essay About Drug Addiction

Writing An Argumentative Essay About Drug AddictionIf you want to write an argumentative essay about drug addiction, make sure you're well-prepared for the task. In the article below, I'll give you some tips on writing an essay about drug addiction. There are several points you need to consider when you write an argumentative essay.- The first point you need to consider is the topic. Drug addiction is a very sensitive subject to write about. It's something you have to understand first hand, you can't just read it about. So choose a topic that you feel comfortable with. You should think about what it means to you and what kinds of questions you would want to ask the other person.- You should make sure you know how you will start to go about each part of the main points of your essay. Choose a topic that you feel confident enough in to start with.- The next thing you need to do is think about the conclusion of your essay and this is the primary point you should make. Make sure you incl ude every last detail about the final point you want to make and how you'll go about closing the argument. Remember, we usually talk about emotions and thoughts, so it's important to address those as well.- The third point you need to think about when writing an argumentative essay about drug addiction is being able to know what you want to say. Being prepared and knowing what you want to say is important. Don't be afraid to lose a little time with this step because once you start writing, you'll see how easy it is to get stuck.- The fourth point you need to keep in mind when writing an essay on drug addiction is being able to argue with logic. Don't let yourself get derailed by how you feel about a situation or just get drawn into a conversation. Talk about something else or even write something else instead.Writing an essay about drug addiction is not as difficult as it may seem at first. You just need to focus on being prepared and make sure you don't get too sidetracked.

Get the full guide for commentary writing

Get the full guide for commentary writing Help in Writing a Commentary When you face with new kind of writing, you need a detailed guide to follow. Exactly such an approach helps the writer to make the text exciting, readable, and informative. The same is fair for commentary. What is this, how to write it, using actual requirements – you would get your answers in the following guide. The Definition of Commentary Commentary is a kind of paper that means in-depth analysis of another text. It differs from other similar tasks, such as thesis, essay, etc., so has its own rules in writing. Commentary is useful for different companies which publish short news and articles, such as newspapers. With this kind of paper, you can make a place for discussion of different topics by opposite points of view. As a result, commentary belongs to critical tasks but has a respectful tone of voice at the same time. There are several particularities of the process of commentary writing according to its origin. Proper Style and Tone of Voice So writing commentary means making a critical analysis of the primary source. Your text must contain the description of the current situation and potential consequences in the nearest future. The writer cant use only his fantasy because the document must be fair and relevant. So prefer facts, events, and other pieces of evidence from the original paper. Only such approach allows reaching readable and exciting commentary. Besides, the author should use his knowledge and skills in the exact field to make new paper based on the focal article. As a result, you can start an interesting and constructive discussion for your topic. Note, that you cant change the focus of your commentary. Make sure that your paper is concerned on the main subject of the original text, but not minor facts of the authors personality. Such mistakes are very spread among young writers. Of course, your aim is a critical analysis of someone elses job, but keep it respectable. Use the only constructive tone of voice and writing style to let your readers make conclusions on their own. The Guide for Making Commentary Be sure to highlight all the important points from the original text. According to this material, you can collect, sort, and finish important ideas in one document. Thats why you will make a draft, write an outline, proofread, and finish your commentary. In general, you aim to prepare the main aspects and share them in your text. So you will pass the following steps in your writing. Preparation Stage You must make all the preparations beforehand so there would be no misunderstanding in the future. Read the original text for several times. Such an approach guarantees getting all important facts. You must remember and understand each sentence, not to miss any vital point of view. Make notes with the most important facts and write your ideas while getting acquainted with the text. Such highlights will be a base for your commentary and text outline. Create an Outline An outline is the next part of the preparation stage of your commentary. You can start writing this block of text only after reading a primary text for several times and making highlights. This is like a basic preparation for outline preparation. To make a great outline, you need to review the original article structure. According to its particularities, you can create your bullets. Each one sentence should be relevant to your future text and primary source. Your outline will contain an introduction, several pieces in the body, and small conclusions. This is a simple example of an effective outline that will be great for your commentary. Collect Data for Introduction The introduction cannot be overvalued because this block of the text creates the first impression of your commentary. It would be great if your introduction will be not only interesting and readable but also catching and exciting. Make sure you did your best to make this block. So, first of all, you should identify the most important information. You should read and note the title of the paper, its genre, author, and date of publication. Be attentive to find there anything interesting for your paper. Remember, that commentary essay requires from the writer to add such information at the beginning of the text. Besides, you can use interesting facts connected with your primary source. For instance, explain the whole collection of writing, where your text for the analysis belongs. But you must distinguish interest and unimportant details, such as the authors favorite color. Such a mistake can cost you a lot because no one likes to waste your own time on third rate content. Identify Subject and Target Audience With such elements, you will start your body. It is created to explain all facts, data, events, etc. exactly in this part. You can create a list of questions for yourself and answer them in the body. Such a simple method helps to identify constructive parts in original text and share them in your commentary. Also, you may find the main accents in the primary source, highlight them, and rewrite in your essay. So remember your general aim: to share the main ideas and the focus of your primary source in the body. This section is called to explain the basic information for your readers: the main points of view, the authors purposes, etc. It is okay to share only the main ideas, but not all of them, so keep ranging all highlights according to your taste. Explain the Text This is a place to observe the structure of the writing (for example, poetry, prose, type of essay, etc.). Usually, writers have requirements in the structure, but also they can get a free blueprint. Thats why you can feel free and share your expressions in a commentary in any structure you are comfortable with. The most popular is prose. It is a simple note without any additional requirement. Just use your plan and dont think about special rhythm or text melody. Additional advice: dont push yourself into the unusual structure of the text, if it is not obligated. Yes, sometimes you need to risk gaining the best results. But experience shows that a good job is based on your skills and abilities. So experts in prose shouldnt risk it all and write poems. Choose the Text Presentation Then you need to identify the type of the voice (the first or second person) and the tone (friendly/official). To identify the type of person, you need to check who speaks the text. If you note the words like you and we, then you will describe all characters in the article. If there is only I, then using the first person is obviously. All such particularities must be described in your commentary. Dont think that amount of heroes is not important. It is as vitally important, as the main goals and ideas of the article. Understand the Proper Tone of Voice The tone of voice is a style of expression of the authors points of view. He can do it in any manner he is comfortable. Also, the choice of voice depends on the target audience and tasks which the writer had. For instance, the friendly tone of voice is extremely popular among youth in entertainment and job. They prefer sharing any information with strangers as they are friends. In other situations, you may need a serious tone of voice to highlight the particularities of the issue. Be sure that the tone of voice can change the impression from any situation. Even the choice of exact words can play a great role in the text destiny. The authors mood and experience cause the proper tone of voice, so such characteristics are unique for all types of content. There is also no special requirement for writers, so choose the most proper tone and type of voice for you. Most authors tend to use a neutral tone of voice, which looks like a smart combination of friendly and official language. But on special topics, you cant rely on a neutral impression. For instance, serious historical facts require more logical structure, and the story of the exact piece of art needs an emotional background. Highlight Important Language Tools Language tool is a special element which is used to increase the power of exact meaningful sentence or word communication. You can add metaphor and impress someone with your in-depth understanding of the subject or choose strong quotation to support your own point of view. In any case, such elements are strong tips for your text. All such language tools mean a lot for your commentary. Thats why you should note the literary tools in the text. You may highlight metaphors, conclusions, hyperbolas, alliterations, and so on. It is highly recommended reading special guidelines to identify tools and their meaning literally. Sometimes such elements in the text can mean more than a simple language tool. Besides mentioning these elements, you also must explain the meaning for the writer and his paper. Never make a mistake with the meaning of the language tool. It is worse than to skip this part at all. Add Quotes to Your Commentary Quotations are not obvious parts of your commentary, but they can bring it much more weight. The phrases from the original text will support your ideas and make your readers excited. There is no situation which cannot become better with the relevant quote. For instance, if you discuss the role of religion for the famous scientist in his researches, you should find his point of view with the keyword religion or other thematic words. Use his direct speech in quotation marks to support the exact fact. This would be the best evidence for your commentary. So choose the relevant sentences and take them in quotation marks in your essay. Such a simple tip will bring you great advantages in writing a commentary. Make a Summary The summary is the final conclusion for your commentary. This part is small, but it means a lot for writer, readers, and the text in general. To make a great summary, you should remember all the details of your text and use them as briefly as you can to share the last words. So write the final sentence to conclude the primary source and your job with absolute calm. Make several samples of summary and choose the best one. Try to put yourself in your target audiences shoes and make this paragraph exactly for them. Remember that this part shouldnt present new information, but support all previous facts and ideas in the commentary. Your body is a place for new facts, but not the conclusion. If you place here anything that was not mentioned before you will make a serious crime in the academic writing field, so let your summary be just a summary with your final words and nothing else. Keep Your Text in Presentable Form Presentation is very important for any job. You can create the best content but make weak presentations. Such a situation will cause only issues and will not bring any advantage. Or the writer may hide the weak content under the mask of impressive presentation and get more chances for success. But the best way is to keep both elements awesome. Your text must be excellent, and the presentation should be logic, nice, and pleasant. Prefer traditional writing styles and improve them with modern tips like pictures or scales. The tone of voice, writing manner, and paper quality are also important. Keep the balance of facts, descriptions, humor, information, and other elements in your commentary. Ask for a Feedback The feedback is an opportunity to hear the thoughts of your target audience. If you read your commentary in front of other people, you can get their first impressions and pieces of advice. Besides, you are also able to post your commentary online and get users comments. Their points of view can help you improve your content, its structure, tone of voice, and other particularities. So always give final proofreading to your friends and ask your audience for feedback. Get all advantages from peoples criticism and analysis. It is quite simple to encourage them to share their thoughts, so keep your voice friendly and let people support you. Proofread and Improve Your Paper The proofreading is a key to good commentary. There is no way to finish your material and do not polish it in several days. This is a very important rule among all editors, so always prepare time for such stage. Usually, proofreading requires from several hours to several days. The more time you have, it is better. The best way is to proofread your commentary in several days after you finish writing. The point is the author can be blind for his own text because he spends so many time on it and even can play by memory each sentence. In several days your brain will rest and be able to make independent proofreading. Also, remember the traditional requirements for all kinds of papers. Keep out mistakes and misprints, make the text readable, pleasant, and exciting. Of course, you are not a machine and can miss misprints, but your commentary will be damaged. Try to use the help in proofreading, for instance, special online tools or professional editors. Let`s Start It! Commentary isnt so simple as you can think for the first time. But you have all chances to execute such job on the highest level. Just keep these guidelines and follow all recommendations while making commentary. If you feel you need help, then just ask for professional support right now.

Hyperlocal Journalism Definition and Impact

Hyperlocal Journalism Definition and Impact Hyperlocal journalism, sometimes called microlocal journalism, refers to coverage of events and topics on an extremely small, local scale. An example might be a website that covers a specific neighborhood or even a particular section or block of a neighborhood. Hyperlocal journalism focuses on news that would usually not be covered by larger mainstream media outlets, which tend to follow stories of interest to a citywide, statewide or regional audience. For instance, a hyperlocal journalism site might include an article about the local Little League baseball team, an interview with a World War II vet who lives in the neighborhood, or the sale of a home down the street. Hyperlocal news sites have much in common with weekly community newspapers, though hyperlocal sites tend to focus on even smaller geographic areas. And while weeklies are usually printed, most hyperlocal journalism tends to be online, thus avoiding the costs associated with a printed paper. In this sense, hyperlocal journalism also has much in common with citizen journalism. Hyperlocal news sites tend to emphasize reader input and interaction more than a typical mainstream news site. Many feature blogs and online videos created by readers. Some tap into databases from local governments to provide information on things like crime and area road construction. Who Are Hyperlocal Journalists? Hyperlocal journalists tend to be citizen journalists and are often, though not always, unpaid volunteers. Some hyperlocal news sites, such as The Local, a site started by The New York Times, have experienced journalists supervise and edit work done by journalism students or local freelance writers. In a similar vein, The Times recently announced a partnership with NYUs journalism program to create a news site covering New Yorks East Village. Varying Degrees of Success Early on, hyperlocal journalism was hailed as an innovative way of bringing information to communities often ignored by local newspapers, especially at a time when many news outlets were laying off journalists and reducing coverage. Even some large media companies decided to catch the hyperlocal wave. In 2009 MSNBC.com acquired the hyperlocal startup EveryBlock, and AOL bought two sites, Patch and Going. But the long-term impact of hyperlocal journalism remains to be seen. Most hyperlocal sites operate on shoestring budgets and make little money, with most revenue coming from sales of ads to local businesses that cant afford to advertise with larger mainstream news outlets. And there have been some conspicuous failures, most notably LoudounExtra.com, started by The Washington Post in 2007 to cover Loudoun County, Va. The site, which was staffed by full-time journalists, folded just two years later. â€Å"We found that our experiment with LoudounExtra.com as a separate site was not a sustainable model,† said Kris Coratti, a spokeswoman for the Washington Post Co. Critics, meanwhile, complain that sites like EveryBlock, which employ few staffers and rely heavily on content from bloggers and automated data feeds, provide only bare-bones information with little context or detail. All anyone can say for sure is that hyperlocal journalism is still a work in progress.